Console Input Output Functions in C
Console Input Output Functions:
In C language, It has a collection of functions that can uses in a program with the required number of arguments written in parentheses. Console Input Output Functions also include in the user program by using the header file <stdio.h>
which stands for standard input-output. header. Keyboard and screen together is say Console.
There are major two types of Console Input Output Functions in the C programming language.
1. Formatted input/output functions
2. Character input/output functions
Formatted input/output functions:
scanf() Function :
scanf() function is used to read/input values of variables using the standard input device such as keyboard. It has the following the syntax :
scanf("format string", &variable1,&variable2,&variable3,...&variablen);
where “format string” is the control string which represents the format specification, the symbol & (ampersand) which represents the memory address where the variable value is to be stored.
Example :
1. scanf("%d%d", &a,&b); // to read value of <strong>int</strong> variables a and b. 2. scanf("%f%f", &a,&b); // to read value of <strong>float</strong> variables a and b. 3. scanf("%c", &school); // to read value <strong>char</strong> value for variable school. 4. scanf("%s", str); // to read a string of <strong>char</strong> variable str.
printf() Function:
printf() function is used to print/display values of variables using the standard output device such as monitor. It has the following syntax:
("format string", variable1,variable2,variable3,...variablen);
where variable1,variable2,variable3,…variablen are variables whose values are to be displayed in the monitor.
1. printf("%d", a); // to print value of int variables a. 2. printf("%f", x); // to print value of float variables x.
Character input/output functions:
getch() Function :
getch() function is used to read a character from the keyboard and it does not expect the enter key press. It has the following syntax :
ch=getch(); // where ch is a char variable. Example: char ctr; ctr=getch();
getchar() Function:
getchar() function is used to read one character at a time from the standard input device such as keyboard. It has the following syntax :
ch=getchar(); // where ch is a char variable.
putchar() Function:
putchar() function is used to display one character at a time on the monitor screen. It has the following syntax :
putcher(ch); // where ch is a char variable. Example : char c='M'; putchar(c);
putch() Function:
putch() function is used to display a character on the monitor screen.It has the following syntax :
putch(ch); // where ch is a char variable. Example: char c='s'; putch(c);
getche() Function:
getche() function is used to read a character from the keyboard without expecting the enter key press. It has the following syntax :
ch=getche(); // where ch is a char variable. Example: char ctr; ctr=getche();
gets() Function:
gets() function is used to read a string of characters including white spaces. It has the following syntax :
gets(str); // where str is a character string variable. Example : char str[15]; gets(str);
puts() Function :
puts() function is used to display a character string on the monitor screen. It has the following syntax :
puts(str); // where str is a string (array of characters) Example : char str[20]=" Hello World" puts(str);
clrscr() Function:
clrscr() function is used to clear the monitor screen. It has the following syntax :
clrscr(); Note: The header file <conio.h> must include using this function in a program.